ERA® Endometrial Receptivity Analysis

ERA® Endometrial Receptivity Analysis

Endometrial Receptivity Analysis (ERA).

  • Many women undergoing IVF are unable to get pregnant, even after transferring good quality embryos. Although a good quality embryo is an important starting point, it is also important to transfer the embryo into a uterus that is ready to receive the embryo.
  • The timing of embryo transfer must be coordinate with your body´s menstrual cycle, neither too early nor too late, but at just the right time. For most women, the best time to transfer an embryo it´s the same, but for some women, it can be different.

    What is the endometrium?

    • The interior of the uterus is lined with a tissue called endometrium, which is prepared each month for the arrival of an embryo and it’s the nest where the embryo implants and resides during gestation. Even the best embryo will fail to implant if conditions aren’t right.

What is Endometrial receptivity?

  • The endometrium is receptive when it is ready for embryo implantation to occur. This period of receptivity is called the window of implantation.
  • Each woman has a unique window. Knowing your personal window of implantation, you can optimize your chances of pregnancy doing a personalized embryo transfer.

What is ERA test?

  • ERA® is the first diagnostic test that determines each woman’s unique personalized embryo transfer timing,therefore synchronizing the embryo transfer with the individualized window of implantation.

How does it work?

ERA TEST RESULTS

  • A RECEPTIVE RESULT

    A receptive result shows that the window of implantation is located on the day of taking the sample. The recommendation is to proceed with embryo transfer under the same conditions as for biopsy.

  • A NON – RECEPTIVE RESULT

    A non-receptive result shows a displaced window of implantation. In this case, with the ERA computational predictor, we will estimate your window of implantation indicating when your personalized embryo transfer is optimal in 90% of the cases. A second biopsy will be needed in only 10% of cases.

Why use ERA?

  • When performing the embryo transfer in a personalized way, the chances of getting pregnant are increased after the assisted reproduction treatment.
  • 72.5%* pregnancy rate using ERA in the first IVF cycle in any patient.
  • Maximize your chances of pregnancy and don’t lose good embryos.
  • 7 in 10 women gave birth after 1 year*.
  • Our recent randomized study* proves that a personalized embryo transfer is superior to the classic frozen embryo transfer.

Is ERA for you?

This test is recommended if:

  • Indicated for all patients starting assisted reproductive treatments, and has the greatest benefit for those who have experienced repeated implantation failures.

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ICSI IVF IN BANGKOK THAILAND

When embarking on the journey of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), choosing the right clinic and, crucially, the best IVF doctor, can make all the difference. In Thailand, Smile IVF Clinic stands out as a beacon of excellence, housing highly skilled and compassionate fertility specialists. And at the heart of our team is Dr. Kittitavee Ratanawattanasil, also known as #DrMao, renowned for his expertise and dedication to patient care. But what sets apart the approach of the best IVF doctor at Smile IVF Clinic? It’s a combination of cutting-edge medical science, personalized care, and a deep understanding of each patient’s unique path to parenthood.

The Smile IVF Clinic Difference: Dr. Kittitavee Ratanawattanasil’s (Dr.Mao) Holistic Approach to IVF

At Smile IVF Clinic, our leading fertility doctors, including Dr. Kittitavee Ratanawattanasil or Dr.Mao, go beyond standard protocols, adopting a patient-centric philosophy that encompasses every aspect of the IVF process:

  1. Comprehensive Initial Consultation and Diagnosis: The journey begins with an in-depth consultation. Dr. Kittitavee Ratanawattanasil and our IVF doctors at Smile IVF Clinic dedicate time to understanding your complete medical history, lifestyle, and emotional well-being. They utilize advanced diagnostic tools to pinpoint the exact causes of infertility, ensuring a precise and accurate diagnosis. This foundational step is crucial for devising an effective treatment strategy.
  2. Tailored Treatment Plans: Recognizing that no two patients are alike, the best IVF doctors at Smile IVF Clinic, including Dr. Kittitavee Ratanawattanasil, meticulously craft individualized treatment plans. This involves selecting the most appropriate ovarian stimulation protocol, determining the optimal timing for procedures, and integrating specialized techniques like ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection) or PGT (Preimplantation Genetic Testing) if necessary. Every decision is made collaboratively with the patient, ensuring transparency and comfort.
  3. Expertise in Advanced Reproductive Technologies: Our doctors are masters in overseeing and performing complex procedures with precision. From guiding the ovarian stimulation phase to performing delicate egg retrievals and orchestrating meticulous embryo transfers, the expertise of the Smile IVF Clinic doctor, particularly Dr. Kittitavee Ratanawattanasil (Dr.Mao), is paramount. They work hand-in-hand with skilled embryologists, leveraging state-of-the-art laboratory technology to maximize the chances of successful fertilization and healthy embryo development.
  4. Holistic Patient Support: Understanding the emotional toll of fertility treatment, our doctors at Smile IVF Clinic, especially Dr. Kittitavee Ratanawattanasil, prioritize compassionate care. They ensure that patients receive not just medical treatment but also emotional support and clear communication at every stage. They empower patients with information, answer all questions, and provide a reassuring presence throughout the journey.

The IVF Journey Guided by a Smile IVF Clinic Doctor, Dr. Kittitavee Ratanawattanasil (Dr.Mao):

The process typically involves:

  • Ovarian Stimulation: The doctor prescribes medications to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs.
  • Egg Retrieval: A minor surgical procedure performed by the doctor to collect the eggs.
  • Fertilization (IVF/ICSI): Eggs are fertilized with sperm in the lab under the doctor’s supervision or embryologist team.
  • Embryo Development: Embryos are cultured in the lab for several days.
  • Embryo Transfer: The most promising embryo(s) are gently transferred into the uterus by the doctor.
  • Pregnancy Test & Follow-up: The doctor monitors the patient closely for pregnancy and provides ongoing care.

Why Choose a Doctor at Smile IVF Clinic, especially Dr. Kittitavee Ratanawattanasil (Dr.Mao)?

Choosing a doctor at Smile IVF Clinic, especially Dr. Kittitavee Ratanawattanasil (Dr.Mao), means opting for unparalleled expertise, advanced technology, personalized care, and a dedicated team committed to turning your dream of parenthood into a reality. Our doctors embody the highest standards of medical practice, ensuring you receive the best possible care on your IVF journey.

Conclusion: The “best IVF doctor” at Smile IVF Clinic, particularly Dr. Kittitavee Ratanawattanasil or Dr.Mao, is defined by their profound medical knowledge, meticulous approach to individualized treatment, and unwavering commitment to patient well-being. If you are considering IVF, trust the experts at Smile IVF Clinic to guide you with care and precision every step of the way.

स्माइल आईवीएफ क्लिनिक: बैंकॉक, थाईलैंड में आपका विश्वसनीय आईवीएफ पार्टनर, भारत से आने वाले रोगियों का स्वागत

For countless couples in India, the dream of parenthood is a profound aspiration. When faced with fertility challenges, finding the right support and advanced medical care is crucial. Smile IVF Clinic in Bangkok, Thailand, stands as a beacon of hope, offering world-class In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) treatments. As a leading IVF Clinic in Thailand, we are particularly dedicated to serving Indian patients, providing comprehensive care in a compassionate and culturally sensitive environment.

Why Indian Patients Choose Smile IVF Clinic in Thailand:

  • World-Class Expertise & Technology: At Smile IVF Clinic, our team of highly skilled fertility specialists boasts extensive experience in IVF and ICSI procedures. We utilize state-of-the-art technology and modern laboratory facilities, ensuring the highest standards of care and success rates. Our commitment to innovation makes us a top choice among IVF Clinics in Thailand.
  • Affordable Excellence: Compared to many Western countries, the cost of advanced fertility treatments like IVF and ICSI in Thailand is significantly more affordable, without compromising on quality. This makes Smile IVF Clinic an attractive option for couples from India seeking high-quality care at a reasonable price.
  • Cultural Understanding and Support: We understand the unique needs and sensitivities of our international patients. Our team is trained to provide culturally appropriate care, ensuring that patients from India feel comfortable and respected throughout their journey. While direct Hindi language support might vary, our staff is proficient in English, facilitating clear communication.
  • Seamless Travel to Bangkok: Bangkok is a major international hub with excellent connectivity to various cities in India. The ease of travel, combined with Thailand’s renowned hospitality and vibrant culture, makes the journey for fertility treatment less stressful.

Comprehensive IVF & ICSI Services:

At Smile IVF Clinic, we offer a full spectrum of fertility services tailored to individual needs:

  • IVF (In Vitro Fertilization): A process where eggs and sperm are combined outside the body in a laboratory to create embryos, which are then transferred to the uterus.
  • ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection): An advanced IVF technique where a single sperm is directly injected into an egg, particularly beneficial in cases of male infertility.

Our experts will guide you through every step, recommending the most suitable treatment plan for your specific situation.

Convenient Support for Indian Patients: Initial Consultations in India

Understanding that travel can be a concern for some, Smile IVF Clinic is actively exploring and establishing partnerships to provide initial consultation services in India for those who prefer not to travel far for the very first steps. This means you might be able to have an initial assessment or discussion with our representatives or partners in India before making your travel plans to our main IVF Clinic in Thailand. This initiative aims to make the journey to parenthood even more accessible and convenient for our valued patients from India.

Your Journey to Parenthood Starts Here:

If you are a couple from India seeking effective and compassionate fertility treatment, Smile IVF Clinic in Bangkok, Thailand, is your ideal partner. Our dedication to excellence, patient-centric approach, and understanding of international patient needs make us a preferred choice. Contact us today to learn more about how we can help you achieve your dream of starting a family.


 

स्माइल आईवीएफ क्लिनिक: बैंकॉक, थाईलैंड में आपका विश्वसनीय आईवीएफ पार्टनर, भारत से आने वाले रोगियों का स्वागत

 

भारत के अनगिनत जोड़ों के लिए, माता-पिता बनने का सपना एक गहरी आकांक्षा है। जब प्रजनन संबंधी चुनौतियों का सामना करना पड़ता है, तो सही सहायता और उन्नत चिकित्सा देखभाल खोजना महत्वपूर्ण होता है। बैंकॉक, थाईलैंड में स्माइल आईवीएफ क्लिनिक आशा की किरण के रूप में खड़ा है, जो विश्व स्तरीय इन विट्रो फर्टिलाइजेशन (आईवीएफ) और इंट्रासाइटोप्लास्मिक स्पर्म इंजेक्शन (आईसीएसआई) उपचार प्रदान करता है। थाईलैंड में एक प्रमुख आईवीएफ क्लिनिक के रूप में, हम विशेष रूप से भारतीय रोगियों की सेवा के लिए समर्पित हैं, जो एक दयालु और सांस्कृतिक रूप से संवेदनशील वातावरण में व्यापक देखभाल प्रदान करते हैं।

भारतीय रोगी थाईलैंड में स्माइल आईवीएफ क्लिनिक को क्यों चुनते हैं:

  • विश्व स्तरीय विशेषज्ञता और प्रौद्योगिकी: स्माइल आईवीएफ क्लिनिक में, हमारे अत्यधिक कुशल प्रजनन विशेषज्ञों की टीम को आईवीएफ और आईसीएसआई प्रक्रियाओं में व्यापक अनुभव है। हम अत्याधुनिक प्रौद्योगिकी और आधुनिक प्रयोगशाला सुविधाओं का उपयोग करते हैं, जिससे देखभाल और सफलता दर के उच्चतम मानकों को सुनिश्चित किया जा सके। नवाचार के प्रति हमारी प्रतिबद्धता हमें थाईलैंड में आईवीएफ क्लीनिकों में से एक शीर्ष विकल्प बनाती है।
  • किफायती उत्कृष्टता: कई पश्चिमी देशों की तुलना में, थाईलैंड में आईवीएफ और आईसीएसआई जैसे उन्नत प्रजनन उपचारों की लागत गुणवत्ता से समझौता किए बिना काफी अधिक किफायती है। यह स्माइल आईवीएफ क्लिनिक को भारत से आने वाले जोड़ों के लिए एक आकर्षक विकल्प बनाता है जो उचित मूल्य पर उच्च गुणवत्ता वाली देखभाल चाहते हैं।
  • सांस्कृतिक समझ और समर्थन: हम अपने अंतरराष्ट्रीय रोगियों की अनूठी जरूरतों और संवेदनशीलता को समझते हैं। हमारी टीम को सांस्कृतिक रूप से उचित देखभाल प्रदान करने के लिए प्रशिक्षित किया जाता है, यह सुनिश्चित करते हुए कि भारत के रोगी अपनी पूरी यात्रा के दौरान सहज और सम्मानित महसूस करें। जबकि सीधे हिंदी भाषा का समर्थन भिन्न हो सकता है, हमारा कर्मचारी अंग्रेजी में कुशल है, जिससे स्पष्ट संचार में सुविधा होती है।
  • बैंकॉक की निर्बाध यात्रा: बैंकॉक भारत के विभिन्न शहरों के साथ उत्कृष्ट कनेक्टिविटी वाला एक प्रमुख अंतरराष्ट्रीय केंद्र है। यात्रा की आसानी, थाईलैंड की प्रसिद्ध मेहमाननवाजी और जीवंत संस्कृति के साथ मिलकर, प्रजनन उपचार के लिए यात्रा को कम तनावपूर्ण बनाती है।

व्यापक आईवीएफ और आईसीएसआई सेवाएं:

स्माइल आईवीएफ क्लिनिक में, हम व्यक्तिगत जरूरतों के अनुरूप प्रजनन सेवाओं का एक पूरा स्पेक्ट्रम प्रदान करते हैं:

  • आईवीएफ (इन विट्रो फर्टिलाइजेशन): एक ऐसी प्रक्रिया जहां अंडे और शुक्राणु को शरीर के बाहर एक प्रयोगशाला में मिलाकर भ्रूण बनाए जाते हैं, जिन्हें बाद में गर्भाशय में स्थानांतरित किया जाता है।
  • आईसीएसआई (इंट्रासाइटोप्लास्मिक स्पर्म इंजेक्शन): एक उन्नत आईवीएफ तकनीक जहां एक शुक्राणु को सीधे अंडे में इंजेक्ट किया जाता है, विशेष रूप से पुरुष बांझपन के मामलों में फायदेमंद होता है।

हमारे विशेषज्ञ आपकी विशिष्ट स्थिति के लिए सबसे उपयुक्त उपचार योजना की सिफारिश करते हुए, हर कदम पर आपका मार्गदर्शन करेंगे।

भारतीय रोगियों के लिए सुविधाजनक समर्थन: भारत में प्रारंभिक परामर्श

यह समझते हुए कि कुछ लोगों के लिए यात्रा एक चिंता का विषय हो सकती है, स्माइल आईवीएफ क्लिनिक सक्रिय रूप से भारत में प्रारंभिक परामर्श सेवाएं प्रदान करने के लिए साझेदारी तलाश रहा है और स्थापित कर रहा है, उन लोगों के लिए जो प्रारंभिक चरणों के लिए बहुत दूर यात्रा नहीं करना चाहते हैं। इसका मतलब है कि आप हमारे मुख्य थाईलैंड में आईवीएफ क्लिनिक की यात्रा की योजना बनाने से पहले भारत में हमारे प्रतिनिधियों या भागीदारों के साथ प्रारंभिक मूल्यांकन या चर्चा कर सकते हैं। इस पहल का उद्देश्य भारत से हमारे मूल्यवान रोगियों के लिए माता-पिता बनने की यात्रा को और अधिक सुलभ और सुविधाजनक बनाना है।

माता-पिता बनने की आपकी यात्रा यहीं से शुरू होती है:

यदि आप भारत से एक प्रभावी और दयालु प्रजनन उपचार की तलाश में एक युगल हैं, तो बैंकॉक, थाईलैंड में स्माइल आईवीएफ क्लिनिक आपका आदर्श साथी है। उत्कृष्टता के प्रति हमारा समर्पण, रोगी-केंद्रित दृष्टिकोण और अंतरराष्ट्रीय रोगी आवश्यकताओं की समझ हमें एक पसंदीदा विकल्प बनाती है। आप एक परिवार शुरू करने के अपने सपने को कैसे साकार कर सकते हैं, इस बारे में अधिक जानने के लिए आज ही हमसे संपर्क करें।

Convenient Support for Indian Patients: Initial Consultations in IndiaConvenient Support for Indian Patients: Initial Consultations in India

Smile IVF Clinic: A Leading IVF Clinic in Bangkok, Thailand for Your Parenthood Journey

Your Dream of Building a Family Can Come True at Smile IVF Clinic in Bangkok, Thailand

For many couples, having children is a cherished desire, but sometimes the path to parenthood can be challenging. If you are searching for a highly skilled and compassionate IVF Clinic in Bangkok, Thailand, look no further than Smile IVF Clinic. We are committed to helping you achieve your family dreams with advanced reproductive technologies and caring support from our expert medical team.

Why Choose Smile IVF Clinic for Your Fertility Treatment?

Smile IVF Clinic stands out as one of the most reputable IVF Clinics in Bangkok, Thailand for several compelling reasons:

  • Expert Medical Team: We boast a team of highly experienced and specially trained fertility doctors who are ready to provide personalized consultations and develop tailored treatment plans for each individual.
  • Cutting-Edge Technology: We invest in the latest medical technologies and equipment to ensure you receive the most effective treatments, whether it’s IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) or ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection).
  • Holistic Care: We understand that fertility treatment can be an emotionally challenging time. Therefore, we provide holistic care, from emotional counseling to nutritional support, to ensure you feel comfortable and confident throughout your journey.
  • Accessible Location: Smile IVF Clinic is conveniently located in Bangkok, making it easily accessible for both local residents and international patients.

Understanding IVF and ICSI at Smile IVF Clinic

At Smile IVF Clinic, we offer a range of assisted reproductive techniques to meet diverse needs:

  • IVF (In Vitro Fertilization): Also known as “test-tube baby,” this procedure involves fertilizing eggs with sperm outside the body in a laboratory. The resulting embryos are then transferred back into the uterus.
  • ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection): This technique is used in conjunction with IVF, where a single healthy sperm is directly injected into an egg. ICSI is particularly beneficial in cases where the male partner has issues with sperm quality or quantity.

Both IVF and ICSI are highly effective methods, and our medical team will assess and recommend the most suitable treatment approach for you.

Choose Smile IVF Clinic to Begin Your Family Journey

If you are seeking a reliable and caring IVF Clinic in Bangkok, Thailand, Smile IVF Clinic is ready to be a part of your family-building journey. With our commitment to providing the best services and advanced technology, we are confident in helping your dreams come true. Contact us today for a consultation and embark on your path to parenthood.

ERA® Endometrial Receptivity Analysis

Endometrial Receptivity Analysis (ERA).

  • Many women undergoing IVF are unable to get pregnant, even after transferring good quality embryos. Although a good quality embryo is an important starting point, it is also important to transfer the embryo into a uterus that is ready to receive the embryo.
  • The timing of embryo transfer must be coordinate with your body´s menstrual cycle, neither too early nor too late, but at just the right time. For most women, the best time to transfer an embryo it´s the same, but for some women, it can be different.

    What is the endometrium?

    • The interior of the uterus is lined with a tissue called endometrium, which is prepared each month for the arrival of an embryo and it’s the nest where the embryo implants and resides during gestation. Even the best embryo will fail to implant if conditions aren’t right.

What is Endometrial receptivity?

  • The endometrium is receptive when it is ready for embryo implantation to occur. This period of receptivity is called the window of implantation.
  • Each woman has a unique window. Knowing your personal window of implantation, you can optimize your chances of pregnancy doing a personalized embryo transfer.

What is ERA test?

  • ERA® is the first diagnostic test that determines each woman’s unique personalized embryo transfer timing,therefore synchronizing the embryo transfer with the individualized window of implantation.

How does it work?

ERA TEST RESULTS

  • A RECEPTIVE RESULT

    A receptive result shows that the window of implantation is located on the day of taking the sample. The recommendation is to proceed with embryo transfer under the same conditions as for biopsy.

  • A NON – RECEPTIVE RESULT

    A non-receptive result shows a displaced window of implantation. In this case, with the ERA computational predictor, we will estimate your window of implantation indicating when your personalized embryo transfer is optimal in 90% of the cases. A second biopsy will be needed in only 10% of cases.

Why use ERA?

  • When performing the embryo transfer in a personalized way, the chances of getting pregnant are increased after the assisted reproduction treatment.
  • 72.5%* pregnancy rate using ERA in the first IVF cycle in any patient.
  • Maximize your chances of pregnancy and don’t lose good embryos.
  • 7 in 10 women gave birth after 1 year*.
  • Our recent randomized study* proves that a personalized embryo transfer is superior to the classic frozen embryo transfer.

Is ERA for you?

This test is recommended if:

  • Indicated for all patients starting assisted reproductive treatments, and has the greatest benefit for those who have experienced repeated implantation failures.
What are the health risks for women with PCOS?

Common PCOS signs and symptoms include the following:

  • Irregular menstrual periods—Menstrual disorders can include absent periods, periods that occur infrequently or too frequently, heavy periods, or unpredictable periods.
  • Infertility—PCOS is one of the most common causes of female infertility.
  • Obesity—Up to 80% of women with PCOS are obese.
  • Excess hair growth on the face, chest, abdomen, or upper thighs—This condition, called hirsutism, affects more than 70% of women with PCOS.
  • Severe acne or acne that occurs after adolescence and does not respond to usual treatments.
  • Oily skin
  • Patches of thickened, velvety, darkened skin called acanthosis nigricans
  • Multiple small fluid-filled sacs in the ovaries

What causes PCOS?

Although the cause of PCOS is not known, it appears that PCOS may be related to many different factors working together. These factors include insulin resistance, increased levels of hormones called androgens, and an irregular menstrual cycle.

What is insulin resistance?

Insulin resistance is a condition in which the body’s cells do not respond to the effects of insulin. When the body does not respond to insulin, the level of glucose in the blood increases. This may cause more insulin to be produced as the body tries to move glucose into cells. Insulin resistance can lead to diabetes mellitus. It also is associated with acanthosis nigricans.

What can high levels of androgens lead to?

When higher than normal levels of androgens(LH, DHEAS) are produced, the ovaries may be prevented from releasing an egg each month (a process called ovulation). High androgen levels also cause the unwanted hair growth and acne seen in many women with PCOS.

What can irregular menstrual periods lead to?

Irregular menstrual periods can lead to infertility as ovulation does not happen and in addition may be associated with other hormonal imbalance as well which may coexist like thyroid disorders, abnormal prolactin levels etc.

What are the health risks for women with PCOS?

PCOS affects all areas of the body, not just the reproductive system which we encounter during the reproductive years but also increases a woman’s risk of serious conditions that may have lifelong consequences.

Insulin resistance increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Another condition that is associated with PCOS is metabolic syndrome. This syndrome contributes to both diabetes and heart disease.

Women with PCOS also tend to have a condition called endometrial hyperplasia, in which the lining of the uterus becomes too thick. This condition increases the risk of endometrial cancer.

Are treatments available for women with PCOS?

A variety of treatments are available to address the problems of PCOS.

Treatment is tailored to each woman according to symptoms, other health problems, and whether she wants to become pregnant or has completed her family .

How can combined hormonal birth control pills be used to treat women with PCOS?

Combined hormonal birth control pills can be used for long-term treatment in women with PCOS who do not wish to become pregnant.

Combined hormonal pills contain both estrogen and progestin. These birth control pills regulate the menstrual cycle and reduce hirsutism and acne by decreasing androgen levels. They also decrease the risk of endometrial cancer.

What effect can weight loss have on women with PCOS?

For overweight women, weight loss alone often regulates the menstrual cycle. Even a loss of 10–15 pounds can be helpful in making menstrual periods more regular. Weight loss also has been found to improve cholesterol and insulin levels and relieve symptoms such as excess hair growth and acne.

How can insulin-sensitizing drugs help treat women with PCOS?

Insulin-sensitizing drugs used to treat diabetes frequently are used in the treatment of PCOS. These drugs help the body respond to insulin. These drugs are taken after consulting a specialist .In women with PCOS, they can help decrease androgen levels and improve ovulation. Restoring ovulation helps make menstrual periods regular and more predictable.

What can be done to increase the chances of pregnancy for women with PCOS?

The first step is to consult a specialist who will take you through your problem after a detailed analysis. There is no one formula to reach to that goal but each individual needs a different approach ,be it medically or psychologically.

Successful ovulation is the first step toward pregnancy.

For overweight women, weight loss often accomplishes this goal.

Medications also may be used to cause ovulation and insulin sensitizing drugs.

Surgery on the ovaries has been used when other treatments do not work. However, the long-term effects of these procedures are not clear.